“España Invertebrada” by José Ortega y Gasset

José Ortega y Gasset was a Spanish philosopher and essayist. He was born in a wealthy bourgeois family. His grandfather, Eduardo Gasset y Artime, started the newspaper called “El Imparcial”, which was a very important newspaper in Spain at the time. José Ortega y Gasset’s father was the writer and journalist José Ortega Munilla. My point is that Ortega y Gasset was raised in a very well educated family. I believe that it explains why “España Invertebrada” is such an elitist book.

This book is not my favorite at all, but I recommend it because I think it is crucial to understand his mentality. José Ortega y Gasset had an impressive influence on the intellectual community.

This book attacks local nationalisms or regionalisms based on what he calls “particularism”. This concept is explained as the state of spirit in which the individual believes that he/she doesn’t need anyone else. A nation is for Ortega a community of individuals that support each other. This support becomes humiliating when a nation is infected by “particularism”. Individuals don’t want to receive help from anyone. They want to be a unit and not a collectivity. That is the reason why Spain breaking. But the problem comes from Castile. Castile has been the place where the idea of Spain was born. Spain brought Iberia together because it was a project for the future. But Spain started to break down when Castile stopped thinking on the future, and started living in the past. It is necessary a common project for the future.

In the second half of the book José Ortega y Gasset explains that any society needs two things: a mass of people, and an intellectual elite to rule them. Chaos starts when people don’t want to be ruled by a selected minority. A society without aristocracy is impossible. 

“Vieja y nueva política” by José Ortega y Gasset

José Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955) has been one of the most influential men in Spain during the first half of the 20^th century. He was very successful in writing essays and everyone took him very seriously. There is no question that he was a crucial part in the intellectual Spanish community at the time. Many of us can label him as an intellectual elitist, or point out some of his political preferences, but no one can deny how brilliant he was. He wrote an amazingly large number of essays. Some of them are “Meditaciones del Quijote” (1914), “Vieja y nueva política” (1914), “España invertebrada” (1921), “La deshumanización del arte e ideas sobre la novela” (1925), and “La rebelión de las masas” (1929).

“Vieja y nueva política” is a speech he gave on March 23, 1914. Ortega y Gasset started the “Liga de Educación Política Española”, and on this conference he presented it to the public. He basically explains that there are two Españas:

a.     España oficial: He refers to agencies like the Parliament, political parties, Universities, newspapers, etc. This Spain is stuck in the past, and does not understand present times.

b.     España vital:  He means the new generation (though he narrows it to the intellectual community), the new ideas.

On his speech he invites all intellectual to get together under the “Liga de Educación Política Española” in order to start a new way to do politics. Its target is not to be in power, but stimulate a healthy national vitality (a society that is able to express its desires through politics). He considers that changing our society will change the Government. Political parties are one of the obstacles, because they only care about winning the elections. He also explains that the “Liga de Educación Política Española” doesn’t defend any type of government. They only believe in what is efficient. If a specific type of government is not efficient anymore, it has to be changed. That’s why their loyalty is not to the Monarchy or he Republic. They are only loyal to Spain. But surprise, surprise… Ortega believed that Monarchy was the most efficient type of government for Spain at the time.